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| | + | ==Vocabulary== |
| | + | |
| | + | *'''happiness''': felicidade |
| | + | *'''beauty''': beleza |
| | + | *'''hand''': mão |
| | + | *'''tree''': árvore |
| | + | *'''friend''': amigo |
| | + | *'''water''': água |
| | + | *'''sand''': areia |
| | + | *'''money''': dinheiro |
| | + | *'''milk''': leite |
| | + | |
| | + | ==Grammar video== |
| | + | |
| | + | {{#ev:youtube|Chh0Xyqa42g}} |
| | + | |
| | ==Definition== | | ==Definition== |
| | | | |
| − | <!--
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| − | Noun é uma categoria gramatical utilizada para agrupar palavras que dão nome a coisas, seres e substâncias. Em português traduzimos noun como substantivo. A palavra substantivo vem do Latim ''substantivus'', “com substância”, de ''substantia'', “essência, ser, material”, de ''substans'', particípio de ''substare'', “estar presente, ficar firme, estar debaixo de”, formado por ''sub''-, “abaixo”, mais ''stare'', “estar de pé, ficar”.
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| − |
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| − | Esta introdução pode parecer um pouco complicada, mas podemos entender o que são substantivos de uma forma mais simples.
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| − | -->
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| | Podemos dizer, a grosso modo, que substantivos são palavras utilizadas para coisas, lugares, pessoas ou animais. Ou, do outro modo, seres em geral, sejam eles concretos como um carro, ou abstratos, como o amor. | | Podemos dizer, a grosso modo, que substantivos são palavras utilizadas para coisas, lugares, pessoas ou animais. Ou, do outro modo, seres em geral, sejam eles concretos como um carro, ou abstratos, como o amor. |
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| | Exemplos de nouns: | | Exemplos de nouns: |
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| − | '''Pessoa''': John, Mark, Robert, Larry
| + | |
| − | '''Lugar''': New York, Mexico, Africa
| + | '''Pessoa''':<pre width="40%">John, Mark, Robert, Larry</pre> |
| − | '''Coisa''': car, water, door, pen
| + | '''Lugar''':<pre width="40%">New York, Mexico, Africa</pre> |
| − | '''Estado''': happiness
| + | '''Coisa''':<pre width="40%">car, water, door, pen</pre> |
| − | '''Qualidade''': beauty
| + | '''Estado''':<pre width="40%">happiness</pre> |
| | + | '''Qualidade''':<pre width="40%">beauty</pre> |
| | + | |
| | | | |
| | ==Countable and uncountable== | | ==Countable and uncountable== |
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| − | Uma maneira de separar nouns para quem está aprendendo inglês é dividindo eles em contáveis e não contáveis. O conceito é simples de entender, carro é contável já que podemos ter um carro, dois carros ou qualquer outro número. Já dinheiro é um substantivo não contável, não podemos ter cinco dinheiros.
| + | É útil para quem está aprendendo inglês dividir nouns em contáveis e não contáveis. O conceito é simples de entender, carro é contável já que podemos ter um carro, dois carros ou qualquer outro número. Já dinheiro é um substantivo não contável, não podemos ter cinco dinheiros. |
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| | Exemplos: | | Exemplos: |
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| − | '''Countable''': car, book, hand, tree, friend.
| + | '''Countable''':<pre width="40%">car, book, hand, tree, friend.</pre> |
| − | '''Uncountable''': water, sand, money, milk.
| + | '''Uncountable''':<pre width="40%">water, sand, money, milk.</pre> |
| | | | |
| | + | Em geral conseguimos adivinhar a qual dos dois grupos cada noun pertence. Em alguns casos, porém, precisaremos recorrer a um bom dicionário. |
| | | | |
| − | Em geral conseguimos adivinhar a qual dos dois grupos cada noun pertencem. Em alguns casos, porém, precisaremos recorrer a um bom vocabulário.
| + | Exemplos de exceções: |
| − | | |
| − | Exemplos de excessões: | |
| | | | |
| | + | <pre width="40%"> |
| | A palavra para pão em inglês é bread. Em português podemos contar pães, porém em inglês a palavra bread não é contável. | | A palavra para pão em inglês é bread. Em português podemos contar pães, porém em inglês a palavra bread não é contável. |
| | + | </pre> |
| | | | |
| − | | + | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:500px"> |
| | '''Pergunta''': Star é um substantivo contável? | | '''Pergunta''': Star é um substantivo contável? |
| − | | + | <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Resposta''': Sim. Star significa estrela, e estrelas podem ser contadas. Nunca conseguiremos contar todas as estrelas, mas conseguimos contar todas as visíveis. Portanto, star é um substantivo contável.</div> |
| | + | </div><br> |
| | | | |
| | Ainda outras categorias podem ser utilizadas para classificar tipos de nouns, mas não nos preocuparemos com isso por enquanto. | | Ainda outras categorias podem ser utilizadas para classificar tipos de nouns, mas não nos preocuparemos com isso por enquanto. |
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| − | ==Vocabulário==
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| − |
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| − | ;happiness
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| − | :felicidade
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| − | ;beauty
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| − | :beleza
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| − | ;hand
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| − | :mão
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| − | ;tree
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| − | :árvore
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| − | ;friend
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| − | :amigo
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| − | ;water
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| − | :água
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| − | ;sand
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| − | :areia
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| − | ;money
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| − | :dinheiro
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| − | ;milk
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| − | :leite
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| − |
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| − | <!--
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| − | Using Capital Letters with Proper Nouns
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| − | We always use a Capital Letter for the first letter of a proper noun (name). This includes names of people, places, companies, days of the week and months. For example:
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| − | They like John. (not *They like john.)
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| − | I live in England.
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| − | She works for Sony.
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| − | The last day in January is a Monday.
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| − | We saw Titanic in the Odeon Cinema.
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| − | Proper Nouns & Capitals | Proper Nouns without THE
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| − | Proper Nouns with THE | Proper Nouns Quiz
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| − | Proper Nouns (Names)
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| − | A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. A name is a noun, but a very special noun - a proper noun. Proper nouns have special rules.
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| − | common noun proper noun
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| − | man, boy John
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| − | woman, girl Mary
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| − | country, town England, London
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| − | company Ford, Sony
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| − | shop, restaurant Maceys, McDonalds
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| − | month, day of the week January, Sunday
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| − | book, film War & Peace, Titanic
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| − | What are Nouns?
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| − | The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:
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| − | person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
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| − | place: home, office, town, countryside, America
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| − | thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey
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| − |
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| − | The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.
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| − | Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:
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| − | Ending
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| − | Position
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| − | Function
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| − | 1. Noun Ending
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| − | There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:
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| − | -ity > nationality
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| − | -ment > appointment
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| − | -ness > happiness
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| − | -ation > relation
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| − | -hood > childhood
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| − | But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun "spoonful" ends in -ful, but the adjective "careful" also ends in -ful.
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| − | 2. Position in Sentence
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| − | We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence.
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| − | Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):
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| − | a relief
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| − | an afternoon
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| − | the doctor
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| − | this word
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| − | my house
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| − | such stupidity
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| − | Nouns often come after one or more adjectives:
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| − | a great relief
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| − | a peaceful afternoon
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| − | the tall, Indian doctor
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| − | this difficult word
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| − | my brown and white house
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| − | such crass stupidity
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| − | 3. Function in a Sentence
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| − | Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example:
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| − | subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
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| − | object of verb: He likes coffee.
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| − | subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.
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| − | But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence "My doctor works hard", the noun is "doctor" but the subject is "My doctor".
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| − | Countable Nouns
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| − | Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
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| − | dog, cat, animal, man, person
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| − | bottle, box, litre
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| − | coin, note, dollar
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| − | cup, plate, fork
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| − | table, chair, suitcase, bag
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| − | Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
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| − | My dog is playing.
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| − | My dogs are hungry.
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| − | We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
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| − | A dog is an animal.
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| − | When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
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| − | I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
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| − | Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
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| − | When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
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| − | I like oranges.
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| − | Bottles can break.
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| − | We can use some and any with countable nouns:
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| − | I've got some dollars.
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| − | Have you got any pens?
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| − | We can use a few and many with countable nouns:
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| − | I've got a few dollars.
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| − | I haven't got many pens.
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| − | Uncountable Nouns
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| − | Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
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| − | music, art, love, happiness
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| − | advice, information, news
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| − | furniture, luggage
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| − | rice, sugar, butter, water
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| − | electricity, gas, power
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| − | money, currency
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| − | We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
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| − | This news is very important.
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| − | Your luggage looks heavy.
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| − | We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
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| − | a piece of news
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| − | a bottle of water
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| − | a grain of rice
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| − | We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
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| − | I've got some money.
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| − | Have you got any rice?
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| − | We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
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| − | I've got a little money.
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| − | I haven't got much rice.
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| − | Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns".
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| − | Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:
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| − | Countable Uncountable
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| − | dollar money
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| − | song music
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| − | suitcase luggage
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| − | table furniture
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| − | battery electricity
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| − | bottle wine
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| − | report information
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| − | tip advice
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| − | journey travel
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| − | job work
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| − | view scenery
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| − | When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.
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| − | Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
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| − | Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
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| − | Countable Uncountable
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| − | There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.
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| − | There are two lights in our bedroom. light Close the curtain. There's too much light!
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| − | Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.
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| − | There are so many different noises in the city. noise It's difficult to work when there is so much noise.
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| − | Have you got a paper to read? (newspaper)
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| − | Hand me those student papers. paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
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| − | Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?
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| − | We had a great time at the party.
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| − | How many times have I told you no? time Have you got time for a cup of coffee?
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| − | Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works. work I have no money. I need work!
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| − | Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):
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| − | Two teas and one coffee please.
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| − | Partitive Structure with Uncountable Nouns
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| − | To count or quantify an uncountable noun we use a unit of measurement - a measure word. For example, we cannot usually say “two breads” because “bread” is uncountable. So, if we want to specify a quantity of bread we use a measure word such as “loaf” or “slice” in a structure like “two loaves of bread” or “two slices of bread”. We call this structure a partitive structure.
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| − | p a r t i t i v e s t r u c t u r e
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| − | quantity measure word
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| − | (partitive, countable noun) "of" uncountable noun
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| − | two cups of coffee
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| − | several games of tennis
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| − | a drop of water
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| − | We can use the same uncountable noun in different partitive expressions with different meanings. For example, a loaf of bread and a slice of bread are partitive expressions with different meanings. A loaf of bread is what we call a whole unit of bread that we buy from a baker. A slice of bread is what we call a smaller unit of bread after it has been cut from a loaf.
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| − | Here are some more examples:
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| − | Don't forget to buy a bag of rice when you go shopping.
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| − | Can I have one cup of coffee and two cups of tea.
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| − | The police found some items of clothing scattered around the floor.
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| − | I need a truck that will take at least three pieces of furniture.
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| − | You'd think a tablespoon of honey would be more than enough.
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| − | The word "partitive" indicates that only "part" of a whole is being referred to. The partitive structure using a measure word is common with uncountable nouns, but it can also be used with countable nouns, for example: a series of accidents, two boxes of matches, a can of worms.
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| − | See also in Vocabulary:
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| − | Partitive Expressions with Uncountable Nouns
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| − | A list of 100 partitive expressions containing a partitive + uncountable noun, each with an example sentence. (These expressions are in alphabetical order based on the uncountable noun.)
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| − | Note that most of these expressions collocate strongly.
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| − | a torrent of abuse The manager was so angry that he let loose a torrent of abuse at his workers.
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| − | a piece of advice Can I offer you a piece of advice about investing your savings?
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| − | a fit of anger Harry slapped his girlfriend in a fit of anger.
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| − | a work of art Everyone says her garden’s a work of art, it’s so beautiful.
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| − | a rasher of bacon How many rashers of bacon would you like with your breakfast?
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| − | a glass of beer If you drink more than two glasses of beer, you shouldn’t drive a car.
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| − | a drop of blood There were two or three drops of blood on the carpet.
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| − | a spot of bother I’m in a spot of bother because I can’t find my car keys, and I’m already late.
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| − | a loaf of bread How much does a loaf of bread cost in Japan?
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| − | a pat of butter Could I have three pats of butter and some jam, please?
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| − | a game of chess We played three games of chess, and Bobby won all of them.
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| − | a bar of chocolate If you’re a good boy, I’ll give you a bar of chocolate.
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| − | an item of clothing Put any items of clothing you no longer need into this box.
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| − | a lump of coal The kids found some lumps of coal beside the railway tracks, and took them home.
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| − | a cup of coffee The first thing I do when I get to work is have a cup of coffee.
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| − | an ear of corn Ears of corn are usually steamed or boiled and then served with butter.
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| − | a scrap of difference Writing letters to corrupt politicians won’t make a scrap of difference to the way they behave.
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| − | a speck of dust They have no kids, and you won't find a speck of dust in their home.
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| − | a scrap of evidence There wasn’t a scrap of evidence to prove he’d done it, but he was still sent to jail for life.
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| − | an item of expenditure You must have a receipt for every item of expenditure you want to claim.
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| − | an article of faith Freedom of expression is an article of faith among truly democratic people.
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| − | a morsel of food There wasn’t a morsel of food left in the house, so we had to go out for dinner.
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| − | a breath of fresh air The room was crowded and I felt faint so I went outside for a breath of fresh air.
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| − | a piece of fruit Everyone should eat at least three pieces of fruit a day.
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| − | a bit of fun After working hard all day, we felt like having a bit of fun.
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| − | a piece of furniture We need a piece of furniture that will look good in that empty corner.
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| − | a clove of garlic Take two cloves of garlic, crush them, and then add them to the soup.
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| − | a pane of glass You have to be very careful when transporting panes of glass.
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| − | a blade of grass The ant walked all the way up the blade of grass, and then all the way down again.
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| − | a pang of guilt When I saw my brother being punished for what I’d done, I felt a pang of guilt.
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| − | a lock of hair He kept a lock of her hair in a small tin box with his other most precious possessions.
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| − | a jar of honey She stuck her fingers into the jar of honey, and then slowly licked them clean.
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| − | a glimmer of hope The president gave us a glimmer of hope when he promised to look into the issue.
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| − | a sense of humour He lacks a sense of humour, and his laughter never sounds real.
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| − | a pang of hunger I felt a pang of hunger, and knew it must be getting close to lunchtime.
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| − | a block of ice How long do you think it’d take for this block of ice to melt?
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| − | a scoop of ice cream You don’t really need three scoops of ice cream on your apple pie, do you?
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| − | a piece of information There was an important piece of information missing from the report.
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| − | a plea of innocence He maintained his plea of innocence, even though everyone said he was guilty.
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| − | a touch of irony There was often a touch of irony in his voice when he spoke.
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| − | a jar of jam If you leave a jar of jam open on the bench, the ants will find it.
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| − | a glass of juice I’d like a glass of juice, but only if the juice is freshly squeezed.
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| − | an act of kindness A simple act of kindness to a stranger is a wonderful thing.
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| − | a piece of land My grandfather bought this piece of land over a hundred years ago.
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| − | a peal of laughter We heard peals of laughter coming from her bedroom.
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| − | a ray of light As dawn broke, rays of light rose from behind the mountains.
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| − | a flash of lightning The sky was lit up by flashes of lightning.
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| − | a work of literature Poems, plays, novels and short stories are all works of literature.
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| − | a stroke of luck Was finding her there a stroke of luck, or did he know she’d be there?
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| − | a piece of luggage You can carry one small piece of luggage onto the plane.
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| − | a case of measles Was it really a case of measles, or another disease that looked like measles?
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| − | a slice of meat Put one slice of meat into every sandwich, with some lettuce and tomato.
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| − | a dose of medicine I was given a dose of medicine that tasted like liquid chalk.
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| − | a bottle of milk Every morning the milkman would leave two bottles of milk on our doorstep.
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| − | a litre of milk How many litres of milk do we need?
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| − | a piece of music That was one of the most beautiful pieces of music I’ve ever heard!
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| − | an item of news Who decides if something becomes an item of news, or not?
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| − | a litre of oil How much does a litre of oil cost?
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| − | a coat of paint The house did look better after a coat of paint. But really it needed two or three coats.
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| − | a piece of paper I wrote his number on a piece of paper and slipped it into my wallet.
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| − | a crime of passion His lawyer said it wasn’t premeditated murder, but a crime of passion.
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| − | a dab of perfume A couple of dabs of perfume on my neck, and I was ready to go.
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| − | an abuse of power Using falsified evidence to justify a war is a criminal abuse of power.
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| − | a shower of rain We got caught in a shower of rain while walking to the station.
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| − | a sign of respect In many cultures, bowing to someone is a sign of respect.
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| − | an act of revenge He’d harmed many people in his life, so his murder was probably an act of revenge.
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| − | a bowl of rice Would you like another bowl of rice?
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| − | a grain of rice There wasn’t a single grain of rice left in the village.
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| − | a pile of rubbish We found the bottles dumped in a pile of rubbish behind the factory.
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| − | a glass of rum After drinking four or five glasses of rum, I felt sick.
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| − | a pinch of salt Add two or three pinches of salt as the water is coming to the boil.
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| − | a plate of seafood How many plates of seafood should we order for the party?
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| − | a sense of shame I doubt he’s capable of feeling a sense of shame for what he’s done.
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| − | a minute of silence There was a minute of silence before the game began.
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| − | a wall of silence The fear of punishment created a wall of silence around the truth.
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| − | a night of sleep I think I've had about three nights of sleep in the six weeks since our baby was born.
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| − | a cloud of smoke After the riots, you could see clouds of smoke rising into the sky as buildings around the city burned.
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| − | a fall of snow A heavy fall of snow left the whole landscape a glistening white.
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| − | a cake of soap Talk about extravagant! She uses a new cake of soap each time she showers.
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| − | a feeling of sorrow There was a feeling of sorrow in the room as everyone thought about what had happened.
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| − | a bowl of soup As soon as we all sat down, she brought three big bowls of soup and three spoons.
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| − | a lump of sugar The was a little jar on the table full of lumps of sugar.
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| − | a spoonful of sugar How many spoonfuls of sugar do you like in your tea?
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| − | a ray of sunshine Barry said his baby daughter was a little ray of sunshine in his life.
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| − | a cup of tea Do you prefer a cup of tea with your breakfast, or a cup of coffee?
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| − | a game of tennis It’s just a game of tennis, so I don’t know why you’re getting so upset!
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| − | a clap of thunder The silence was shattered by two sudden, loud claps of thunder.
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| − | a moment of time It was a moment of time that nobody who was there will ever forget.
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| − | a grain of truth She said there wasn’t a grain of truth in her husband’s story.
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| − | an act of vengeance The police suspected the fire had been deliberately lit as an act of vengeance.
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| − | an outbreak of violence After years of injustice, outbreaks of violence were becoming more frequent.
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| − | a drop of water The drop of water slowly grew, and then it fell from the tap.
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| − | a sign of wealth The signs of wealth that took him fifty years to earn hardly seemed worth it.
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| − | an ear of wheat The winning photograph is a close-up of a single ear of wheat.
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| − | a shot of whiskey As soon as he sat down at the bar, Hunter downed a shot of whiskey.
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| − | a gust of wind A gust of wind grabbed the kite and swept it into an acrobatic loop.
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| − | a glass of wine Our waiter knocked over two glasses of wine as he tried to set down a plate.
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| − | a pearl of wisdom After stroking his beard and smiling, the guru dispensed a pearl of wisdom to his followers.
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| − | a block of wood Jam some blocks of wood behind its back wheels, or the truck will roll down the hill.
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| − | a ball of wool It’s just a tangle of wool now, but it was a ball of wool before our kitten found it.
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| − | a day of work The workers only get five or six dollars for a full day of work.
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| − | Common Measure Words with Uncountable Nouns
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| − | Partitive expressions using measure words collocate strongly.
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| − | a bag of flour | rice | gold dust
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| − | a bar of chocolate | gold | soap
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| − | a bottle of Coke | milk | water | wine
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| − | a bowl of cereal | rice | soup
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| − | a box of cereal | paper
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| − | a can of cream | meat | tuna
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| − | a carton of ice-cream | orange juice | milk
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| − | a cup of hot chocolate | coffee | tea
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| − | a drop of blood | oil | water
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| − | a glass of beer | juice | water | wine
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| − | a grain of rice | sand | truth
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| − | an item of clothing | expenditure | news
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| − | a jar of honey | jam | peanut butter
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| − | a piece of advice | furniture | paper
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| − | a roll of paper | tape | toilet paper | Scotch tape
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| − | a slice of bread | cheese | meat | toast
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| − | a spoonful of sugar | syrup | whisky
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| − | a tablespoon of butter | honey | ketchup
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| − | a teaspoon of cinnamon | medicine | salt
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| − | a tube of glue | lipstick | toothpaste
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| − | Measure words are common with uncountable nouns, but some of them can also be used with countable nouns, for example: two boxes of matches, a can of worms.
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